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1. On Human Nature:Human nature is neither inherently good nor evil; self-interest is its fundamental nature.

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If human nature were inherently good, then everyone would be good—where would evil come from? If human nature were inherently evil, then everyone would be evil—where would goodness come from? Since people exhibit both good and evil, then good and evil cannot be inherent in human nature. So-called good and evil are merely different choices made by individuals when faced with interests. Those who pursue their own interests without harming others are ordinary people; those who sacrifice their own interests to help others are good people; those who harm others for their own gain, or harm others without gaining anything themselves, are evil people. People often judge whether someone is good or evil based on their choices regarding interests. Human nature is neither inherently good nor evil; it is self-interested. There is no human who is not self-interested (here, self-interest is a neutral term, neither good nor bad). In an era of scarce resources, if humans were altruistic r...
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2. On Money:Everyone should earn the same amount of money.

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Without oxygen, humans die quickly. We breathe oxygen from the air without paying, yet if you go to a hospital to inhale oxygen, you must pay. Why does oxygen cost money in one place but not another? Without water, humans die quickly. We drink natural mountain spring water without paying, yet tap water at home costs money. Why does water cost money in one place but not another? Upon reflection, we realize that if no labor is applied to an item, it holds no value—regardless of its utility to humans. This explains why atmospheric oxygen and mountain springs are free: no labor is expended on them. Conversely, an item that involves human labor generally holds value. This explains why hospital oxygen and home tap water incur fees—because labor is invested in producing them. In short, anything of value (including information, goods, and services) necessarily involves human labor. Why do some valuable things cost more than others? Price depends on the amount of labor app...
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3. On Exploitation:The More Advanced Technology Becomes, the More Severe Exploitation Grows

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Consider a society of 100 people with extremely backward productive capacity. In such a society, every member must work to sustain all 100 individuals. If one person ceases to labor, another will inevitably starve to death. Under these circumstances, every member is compelled to work; otherwise, the society would swiftly collapse. In this context, each person relies solely on their own labor to survive, and exploitation cannot arise. As technology advances and productivity increases, 99 people can sustain 100. Now, one person can survive without laboring. Based on the principle of self-interest inherent in human nature, exploitation begins to take root. Technology continues to advance and productivity continues to rise. When the labor of 90 people can support 100, the number of non-working individuals begins to grow, and exploitation expands. By analogy, when the labor of 50 people must support 100, exploitation severely worsens. As exploitation continues to worsen, it ...
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4. On Unearned Gain:The Root Cause of All Regimes' Inevitable Demise

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When an individual can obtain gains without labor, they will inevitably devise ways for their children to do the same. They may even extend this privilege to relatives, friends, acquaintances, and others connected to them. Through those who gain without labor, they perpetuate the cycle for their own offspring, creating an endless loop. Those who profit without effort proliferate like cancer cells within society. Moreover, those who gain without effort exploit their advantage to perpetually occupy the most advantageous positions within the social structure. Driven by self-interest, they will only continue to expand, impossible to eradicate until the social structure collapses, grinding them into the dust of history. Parasitism is the cancer of society. It can be asserted that any nation failing to effectively curb parasitism will inevitably face collapse and decline. This was the fatal flaw leading to the downfall of all Chinese dynasties, and it remains the ultimate cause o...
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5. On the Right to Bear Arms:To relinquish the right to bear arms is to condemn oneself to slavery.

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During the reign of Emperor Wu of Han in China, a chancellor named Gongsun Hong advised the emperor to ban the people from possessing bows and crossbows. His reasoning was that if a criminal possessed such weapons, a hundred officials would be unable to approach and capture him. This demonstrated that possessing bows and crossbows benefited criminals, and thus, to combat crime, their possession should be prohibited. The rationale behind authoritarian governments' gun bans today mirrors Gongsun Hong's argument exactly. Though over 2,000 years have passed, this governing philosophy—which superficially claims to benefit the people but ultimately harms them—has never changed. In response to Gongsun Hong's proposal, Emperor Wu of Han convened a council of ministers. Among them, a minister named Prince Wuqiu Shou voiced dissent. His argument was that permitting universal crossbow ownership would mean both citizens and criminals possessed these weapons. When facing crimina...
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6. On Inheritance:Abolish the Inheritance System to Achieve True Democracy

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Those who reap without sowing are the cancer cells of society, and the inheritance system is the greatest source of these societal tumors. Behind seemingly direct causes of societal collapse—such as wealth disparity, class rigidity, social injustice, and rampant corruption—often lies the unearned wealth generated by inheritance. Achieving democracy necessitates abolishing the inheritance system; democracy and inheritance are inherently incompatible, with inheritance being democracy's mortal enemy. The fact that nearly all democratic nations worldwide retain inheritance systems does not imply that such systems are compatible with democracy. Rather, it indicates these nations have merely entered the democratic track without achieving genuine democracy. One need only examine America's wealth disparity to recognize that even the world's most advanced democracy has not realized true democracy. A genuinely democratic society could never tolerate such extreme wealth ineq...
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7. On Equality:The greatest equality is death; the greatest inequality is intellect.

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From the perspective of innate endowment, humans share many similarities at birth while differing in numerous aspects. For instance, identical biological structures and the universal cycle of birth, aging, sickness, and death make all people equal in these respects; yet distinct physical features, varying physical abilities, and differing intellectual capacities render humanity unequal in these dimensions. Among all forms of equality, death stands as the ultimate equalizer; among all forms of inequality, intellectual disparity represents the most profound divide. All artificially created inequalities in human society, when traced to their root cause, ultimately stem from intellectual inequality. It is precisely this disparity in intellect that progressively gives rise to various social inequalities. Conversely, if all humans were born with identical intellect, societal inequality would cease to exist. This conclusion can be verified through a simple thought experiment. In...
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8. On Liberty:Without freedom, what is the meaning of being human?

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Every person is born free, yet there are always those who seek to establish their own freedom at the expense of others'. This mindset—where I am free while you are not—is fundamentally a social hierarchy. For in hierarchical societies, rulers secure greater liberty for themselves by restricting the freedom of those they govern. Authoritarian states inevitably sacrifice the freedom of their people to satisfy the freedom of their rulers; democratic nations absolutely forbid building one's freedom upon another's lack thereof. Democracy is precisely about guaranteeing freedom for every citizen. What is freedom? For an individual, freedom can be concretely divided into four aspects. First: Freedom of thought. Humans seem to possess an innate capacity for freedom of thought. What we think in our minds cannot be controlled by anyone, for everyone possesses the ability to say one thing and mean another. Precisely because thought cannot be fully controlled, humanity ...
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9. On Fairness:Equal opportunities and equal treatment

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How do people determine whether something is fair? Almost everyone uses the same method: comparison. People judge fairness by comparing things to each other. Without a point of comparison, it's difficult to assess whether something is fair. For example, today the state enacted a new Citizen Relief Act. The new law stipulates that the government must provide relief funds to any citizen who suffers a fire. As for the specific amount of relief funds, the new law authorizes the government to decide based on actual circumstances. One month later, the first fire victim emerges—a citizen whose three houses in the village were destroyed. The government, following the law, decides to provide 300,000 yuan in relief funds. At this point, it's impossible to judge whether this amount is fair, as there's no clear point of comparison. Two months later, in the same village, another citizen's identical three houses are also destroyed by fire. The government must again provide re...
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10. On Power:The moment an order is refused, power vanishes instantly.

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When I choose to obey your command, you hold power over me. When I refuse to obey your command, you hold no power over me. The essence of power is obedience; without obedience, there is no power. Thus, power originates from the obedience of those commanded. The moment the commanded party refuses to obey, power is immediately lost. This holds true for all power relationships—whether parental authority over children, employer authority over employees, governmental authority over citizens, or any dynamic where one party issues commands and the other accepts them. There are no exceptions. A government holds power only when the people willingly submit to it; when the people refuse to obey, the government loses its authority. Thus, governmental power originates from the people, and sovereignty resides with the populace. The saying "He who wins the hearts of the people wins the world" simply means: whoever gains the widespread obedience of the masses can seize political ...
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11. On Public Opinion:Following public opinion is democracy; indulging it is tyranny.

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Every individual possesses their own will, making choices and taking actions according to their own desires. When many people gather, though each person's specific will may differ greatly, among these diverse wills there must be some that are shared. This shared will constitutes public opinion. From a temporal perspective, public opinion can be categorized into three types. The first type is eternal public opinion. For example, people universally desire security for their lives and property, personal freedom, and judicial fairness. Such opinions remain identical across all eras and nations, thus constituting eternal public opinion. The second type is public sentiment specific to a particular era. For instance, in a nation experiencing turmoil, people generally hope to end the unrest and restore social order. In a poor country, people commonly aspire to economic development and prosperity. This type of sentiment evolves with the times and thus belongs to the catego...
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12. On Democracy:The West marks the beginning of democracy; the East represents its future.

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Democracy is an ideal, a goal, and the inevitable path for humanity toward universal harmony. From an ideological perspective, democracy rejects theocracy and monarchy, universally recognizing that without citizens, a state cannot exist; without citizens' consent, a government holds no legitimate power. Citizens are the core of the state, and everything in the state derives from them. Democracy makes people understand that the sole necessity for a government's existence is to safeguard citizens' welfare, and citizens have the right to overthrow the government at any time. Democracy frees people from fearing governmental tyranny, from yearning for enlightened rulers, and from waiting for salvation. It teaches that freedom must be defended by citizens themselves, rights must be claimed by citizens themselves, and happiness must be pursued by citizens themselves. Democracy makes clear that within the bounds of law, citizens may act as they will, while government mu...
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13. On the Rule of Law:The simpler the law, the more advanced the rule of law

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A nation governed by the rule of law is not necessarily a democratic nation, but a democratic nation must be governed by the rule of law. The rule of law is the essential institutional framework for realizing democracy. Without the rule of law, democracy remains forever an unattainable mirage—a flower in the mirror, a moon in the water. Therefore, achieving democracy must rely on the rule of law. Democratic rule of law is rule of law where law reigns supreme. Law holds supreme authority; no one stands above it. All must obey its dictates, and anyone who violates it will inevitably face legal sanction. Law is the citizen's creed; law is the citizen's deity. Democratic rule of law is a rule of law that treats every citizen equally. In the eyes of the law, all are equal—no exceptions, no privileges, no classes. Every citizen holds equal importance. The law stipulates that citizens equally enjoy rights and equally bear obligations; when citizens violate the law, the...
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